Two way workable microchanneled hydrogel suture to diagnose, treat and monitor the infarcted heart

During myocardial infarction, microcirculation disturbance in the ischemic area can cause necrosis and formation of fibrotic tissue, potentially leading to malignant arrhythmia and myocardial remodeling. Here, we report a microchanneled hydrogel suture for two-way signal communication, pumping drugs on demand, and cardiac repair. After myocardial infarction, our hydrogel suture monitors abnormal electrocardiogram through the mobile device and triggers nitric oxide on demand via the hydrogel sutures’ microchannels, thereby inhibiting inflammation, promoting microvascular remodeling, and improving the left ventricular ejection fraction in rats and minipigs by more than 60% and 50%, respectively. This work proposes a suture for bidirectional communication that acts as a cardio-patch to repair myocardial infarction, that remotely monitors the heart, and can deliver drugs on demand.

All values are presented as mean ± SD, n=5 independent replicates.

Figure S3 .
Figure S3.Suture tissue damage test.The DTMS and 5-0 silk suture were respectively threaded through the rat's back tissue and surgically knotted.After 7 days, the tissue was fixed and stained with HE. White arrows indicate DTMS and silk thread respectively.Black arrows indicate areas of tissue damage, inflammation, and necrosis.Bar = 200μm.

Figure S4 .
Figure S4.Suture tissue damage test.The DTMS and 5-0 silk suture were respectively threaded through the rat's back tissue and surgically knotted.After 7 days, the tissue homogenate was extracted and used for ELISA detection.a. IL-6, One-way ANOVA with multiple comparison tests.All values are presented as mean ± SD.N=6 biologically independent replicates.b.MPO, One-way ANOVA with multiple comparison tests.All values are presented as mean ± SD.N=8 biologically independent replicates.

Figure S6 .
Figure S6.Glucose levels in interstitial fluid extracted by DTMS.Blue dots represent the 24-hour interstitial fluid concentration in deep tissues collected by DTMS, and red represent the peripheral blood glucose concentration collected by blood-glucose meter.

Figure S10. a
Figure S10.a The BMD101 Bluetooth module.b Schematic diagram of DTMS perfusion and sensing functions.c ECG signal measured by BMD101 chip while rat heart beating.d.ECG signal measured by BMD101 chip while rat heart beating.The red box represents the process of injecting drugs.In a very short time, the internal electrical signal was slightly disturbed, and then returned to normal.

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Figure S12.a NIR photothermal experiment of DTMS and PRIS in vitro.b, c.Heating curve of DTMS in vitro.The DTMS under skin was irradiated with 3w 808nm near-infrared laser at a distance of 25cm for 10min.

Figure S14 .
Figure S14.Photothermal bacteriostatic ability of sutures in Staphylococcus aureus solution.aAfter near-infrared laser irradiation, each group of Staphylococcus aureus solution was further cultured.b Over 24 hours of quantitative statistics of the absorbance at 600nm wavelength.All values are presented as mean ± SD, n=7 independent replicates.

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Figure S16.a HUVEC live and dead cell staining; All groups were treated for 48h and stained with Calcein and PI.b MTT colorimetry of the viability of HUVEC cells, all group was treated with gradient concentration of SNAP for 48h.All values are presented as mean ± SD, n=3 cell independent replicates.

Figure S17 :
Figure S17: SNAP treated H9C2 cells with 100μM H2O2 for 24h. a SNAP and H2O2 co-incubate with H9C2.b MTT colorimetry of cytotoxicity of SNAP.All values are presented as mean ± SD, n=6 cell independent replicates.c MTT colorimetry of cytotoxicity SNAP + H2O2.All values are presented as mean ± SD, n=5 cell independent replicates.

Figure S18 .
Figure S18.Cardiac function of rat.Quantitative analysis of LVDD, LVDS and LVEF evaluated by echocardiography on days 60(a-c) and 90(d-f).One-way ANOVA with multiple comparison tests.All values are presented as mean ± SD, n=5 biologically independent replicates.

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Figure S21： Normal group cMRI based on tissue feature tracking of cine sequence (a: diastole, b: systole)